43. Management of financial risks

The treasury of METRO manages the financial risks of METRO. Specifically, these include:

  • Price risks
  • Liquidity risks
  • Credit risks
  • Cash flow risks
  • For more information about the risk management system, see – 3 combined management report in the economic report – 3.2 asset, financial and earnings position – financial and asset position – financial management.

Price risks

For METRO, price risks result from the impact of changes in market interest rates, foreign currency exchange rates, share price fluctuations or changes in commodity prices on the value of financial instruments.

Interest rate risks are caused by changes in interest rate levels. Interest rate derivatives are used to cap these risks.

METRO’s remaining interest rate risk is assessed in accordance with  7 using a sensitivity analysis. In the process, the following assumptions are applied in the consideration of changes in interest rates:

  • The total impact determined by the sensitivity analysis relates to the actual balance as of the closing date and reflects the impact for 1 year.
  • Primary floating-rate financial instruments whose interest payments are not designated as the underlying transaction in a cash flow hedge against changes in interest rates are recognised in the interest result in the sensitivity analysis. The sensitivity for a change of 10 basis points is determined due to the currently low level of interest rates.
  • Primary fixed-interest financial instruments are generally not recognised in the interest result. They are only recognised in other financial result if they are designated as the underlying transaction within a hedge and measured at fair value. In this case, however, the interest-related change in the value of the underlying transaction is offset by the change in the value of the hedging transaction upon full effectiveness of the hedging transaction. The variable interest flows within the group that result from a fair value hedge are recognised in the interest result.
  • Financial instruments designated as the hedging transaction within a cash flow hedge to hedge against variable interest flows will only be recognised in the interest result when the payment flows have actually been initiated. However, the measurement of the hedging transaction at is recognised in reserves retained from earnings outside of profit or loss.
  • Interest rate derivatives that are not part of a qualified hedging transaction under IAS 39 are recognised at fair value in profit or loss in other financial result and, through resulting interest flows, in the interest result.

As of the closing date, METRO’s remaining interest rate risk is primarily the result of variable interest rate receivables and liabilities to banks as well as other short-term liquid financial assets (shown under cash and cash equivalents) with an aggregate debit balance after consideration of hedging transactions of €608 million (30/9/2016: €1,339 million).

Given this total balance, an interest rate rise of 10 basis points would result in €1 million (2015/16:1 million) higher earnings in the interest result per year. An interest rate decrease of 10 basis points would have the opposite effect of €−1 million (2015/16: €−1 million).

METRO faces currency risks in its international procurement of merchandise and because of costs and financings that are incurred in a currency other than the relevant local currency or are pegged to the development of another currency. In accordance with the group guideline “Foreign Currency Transactions”, resulting foreign currency positions must be hedged. Exceptions from this hedging requirement exist where hedging is not economically reasonable and in the case of legal and regulatory restrictions in the respective countries. Forward currency contracts are used in the hedging.

In line with IFRS 7, the presentation of the currency risk resulting from the exceptions is also based on a sensitivity analysis. In the process, the following assumptions are made in the consideration of a devaluation or revaluation of the euro vis-à-vis other currencies:

In terms of its amount and result characteristic, the total effect presented by the sensitivity analysis relates to the amounts of foreign currency held within the consolidated subsidiaries of METRO and states the effect of a devaluation or revaluation of the euro.

A devaluation of the euro will result in a positive effect if a receivable in the foreign currency exists at a subsidiary which uses the euro as its functional currency and if a liability in euros exists at a subsidiary which does not use the euro as its functional currency. The following table shows the nominal volumes of currency pairs in this category with a positive sign.

A devaluation of the euro will result in a negative effect if a receivable in euros exists at a subsidiary which does not use the euro as its functional currency and if a liability in the foreign currency exists at a subsidiary which uses the euro as its functional currency. Correspondingly, the following table shows the nominal volumes of currency pairs in this category with a negative sign.

By contrast, an appreciation of the euro will have the opposite effect for all currency pairs shown above.

In the sensitivity analysis, the effects of the measurement of non-equity foreign currency positions that are calculated based on the closing date price in line with IAS 21 are recognised in the income statement. In the case of net investments in a foreign operation, the effects of the closing date measurement are recognised in equity (other comprehensive income) outside of profit or loss.

Foreign currency futures/options and interest rate and currency swaps that are not part of a qualified hedge under IAS 39 are recognised through the fair value measurement in the income statement. In fully effective hedging transactions, this effect is offset by the effect from the measurement of the underlying foreign currency transaction.

In the consolidated financial statements, foreign currency future transactions are designated as hedging transactions within a cash flow hedge to hedge merchandise procurement and sales. Changes in the fair value of these hedging instruments are recognised in other comprehensive income until the underlying transaction is recognised through profit or loss.

Effects from the currency translation of financial statements whose functional currency is not the reporting currency of METRO do not affect cash flows in local currency and are therefore not part of the sensitivity analysis.

As of the closing date, the remaining currency risk of METRO, which is essentially due to an inability to hedge certain currencies for legal reasons or due to insufficient market depth, was as follows:

 

 

 

 

Impact of devaluation/revaluation of euro by 10%

€ million

 

Currency pair

 

Volume

30/9/2016

Volume

30/9/2017

Profit or loss for the period

 

 

 

 

+/−

 

+/−

 

 

CHF / €

 

+25

2

+15

2

 

 

CNY / €

 

+38

4

+66

7

 

 

CZK / €

 

−7

−1

+8

1

 

 

EGP / €

 

+31

3

+22

2

 

 

GBP / €

 

−9

−1

−7

−1

 

 

HKD / €

 

−13

−1

−16

−2

 

 

HUF / €

 

−1

0

+2

0

 

 

JPY / €

 

−10

−1

+1

0

 

 

KZT / €

 

+13

1

+4

0

 

 

MDL / €

 

+38

4

+7

1

 

 

PLN / €

 

+8

1

+5

1

 

 

PKR / €

 

0

0

+16

2

 

 

RON / €

 

+35

4

0

0

 

 

RSD / €

 

+14

1

+7

1

 

 

RUB / €

 

−8

−1

+93

9

 

 

TRY / €

 

+4

0

+12

1

 

 

UAH / €

 

+34

3

+38

4

 

 

USD / €

 

−11

−1

−30

−3

Equity

 

 

 

 

+/−

 

+/−

 

 

CNY / €

 

+18

2

+99

10

 

 

CZK / €

 

+5

1

−5

−1

 

 

HUF / €

 

0

0

−5

−1

 

 

KZT / €

 

+237

24

+111

11

 

 

PLN / €

 

+75

8

+65

7

 

 

RON / €

 

+7

1

−6

−1

 

 

RSD / €

 

+16

2

+16

2

 

 

RUB / €

 

+198

20

−20

−2

 

 

UAH / €

 

+242

24

+242

24

 

 

USD / €

 

+38

4

+138

14

Currency risks existing in addition to these are mainly the result of USD currency holdings in various subsidiaries in which the functional currency is not the US dollar or the euro. At a nominal US dollar volume of €6 million (30/9/2016: €+20 million), a devaluation of the US dollar by 10% would result in positive effects of €1 million in profit or loss for the period (2015/16: €2 million); conversely, a revaluation of the US dollar would have negative effects of €1 million (2015/16: €2 million).

At a nominal volume of €6 million (30/9/2016: €+20 million), the currency pair TRY/USD accounts for the main share of this effect, while in the the currency pair CNY/USD accounted for the largest share of this effect.

Interest rate and currency risks are substantially reduced and limited by the principles laid down in the internal treasury guidelines of METRO. These include a regulation that is applicable throughout the group whereby all hedging operations must adhere to predefined limits and must not lead to increased risk exposure under any circumstances. METRO is aware that this severely limits the opportunities to exploit current or expected interest rate and exchange rate movements to optimise results.

In addition, hedging may be carried out only with standard financial derivative instruments whose correct actuarial and accounting mapping and valuation in the treasury system are guaranteed.

As of the closing date, the following derivative financial instruments were being used for risk reduction:

 

 

30/9/2016

 

30/9/2017

 

 

 

Fair values

 

 

Fair values

€ million

 

Nominal volume

Financial assets

Financial liabilities

 

Nominal volume

Financial assets

Financial liabilities

Currency transactions

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Currency futures/options

 

71

9

15

 

314

6

15

thereof within fair value hedges

 

(0)

(0)

(0)

 

(0)

(0)

(0)

thereof within cash flow hedges

 

(107)

(2)

(4)

 

(194)

(2)

(7)

thereof not part of hedges

 

(−36)

(7)

(11)

 

(120)

(4)

(8)

Interest rate/currency swaps

 

0

0

0

 

0

0

0

thereof within fair value hedges

 

(0)

(0)

(0)

 

(0)

(0)

(0)

thereof within cash flow hedges

 

(0)

(0)

(0)

 

(0)

(0)

(0)

thereof not part of hedges

 

(0)

(0)

(0)

 

(0)

(0)

(0)

 

 

71

9

15

 

314

6

15

The nominal volume of forex futures/options and interest limitation agreements results from the net position of the buying and selling values in foreign currency underlying the individual transactions translated at the relevant exchange rate on the closing date. The nominal volume of interest rate swaps or interest rate/currency swaps and interest rate hedging agreements is shown on a gross basis.

All fair values represent the theoretical value of these instruments upon dissolution of the transaction on the closing date. Under the premise that instruments are held until the end of their term, these are unrealised gains and losses that, by the end of the term, will be fully set off by gains and losses from the underlying transactions in the case of fully effective hedging transactions.

In order to appropriately show this reconciliation for the period, relationships are created between hedging transactions and underlying transactions and recognised as follows:

  • Within a fair value hedge, both the hedging transaction and the hedged risk of the underlying transaction are recognised at their fair value. The value fluctuations of both transactions are shown in the income statement, where they will be fully set off against each other in the case of full effectiveness.
  • Within a cash flow hedge, the hedging transactions are also principally recognised at their fair value. In the case of full effectiveness of the hedging transaction, the value changes will be recognised in equity until the hedged payment flows or expected transactions impact the earnings. Only then will they be recognised in the income statement.
  • Hedging transactions that, according to IAS 39, are not part of a hedge are recognised at their fair value. Value changes are recognised directly in the income statement. Even if no formal hedging relationship was created, these are hedging transaction that are closely connected to the underlying transactions and whose impact on earnings will be netted by the underlying transaction (natural hedge).

Currency derivatives are used primarily for Chinese renminbi, Hong Kong dollar, Japanese yen, Polish złoty, Romanian leu, Russian rouble, Swiss franc, Czech koruna, Hungarian forint and US dollar.

The derivative financial instruments have the following maturities:

 

 

30/9/2016

 

30/9/2017

 

 

Fair values

 

Fair values

 

 

Maturities

 

Maturities

€ million

 

up to
1 year

1 to
5 years

over
5 years

 

up to
1 year

1 to
5 years

over
5 years

Currency transactions

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Currency futures/options

 

−6

0

0

 

−9

0

0

thereof within fair value hedges

 

(0)

(0)

(0)

 

(0)

(0)

(0)

thereof within cash flow hedges

 

(−1)

(0)

(0)

 

(−5)

(0)

(0)

thereof not part of hedges

 

(−4)

(0)

(0)

 

(−4)

(0)

(0)

Interest rate/currency swaps

 

0

0

0

 

0

0

0

thereof within fair value hedges

 

(0)

(0)

(0)

 

(0)

(0)

(0)

thereof within cash flow hedges

 

(0)

(0)

(0)

 

(0)

(0)

(0)

thereof not part of hedges

 

(0)

(0)

(0)

 

(0)

(0)

(0)

 

 

−6

0

0

 

−9

0

0

Listed below the maturities are the fair values of the financial assets and liabilities that fall due during these periods.

The repricing dates for variable interest rates are less than 1 year.

Liquidity risks

Liquidity risk describes the risk of being unable to procure or provide funding or being able to only procure or provide funding at a higher cost. Liquidity risks may arise, for example, as a result of temporary capital market disruptions, creditor defaults, insufficient credit facilities or the absence of budgeted incoming payments. METRO AG acts as financial coordinator for METRO companies to ensure that they are provided with the necessary financing to fund their operating and investing activities at all times and in the most cost-efficient manner possible. The necessary information is provided by means of a group financial plan, which is updated monthly and checked monthly for deviations. This financial plan is complemented by a weekly rolling 14-day liquidity plan.

Instruments used for financing purposes include money and capital market products (time deposits, call money, promissory note loans, commercial papers and listed bonds sold as part of ongoing capital market programmes) as well as bilateral and syndicated loans. METRO has a sufficient liquidity reserve so that there is no danger of liquidity risks even if an unexpected event has a negative financial impact on the company’s liquidity situation. For more information about the instruments used for financing purposes and credit facilities, see the explanatory notes to the respective balance sheet items.

  • Further details are provided in no. 29 – cash and cash equivalents as well as in no. 36 – financial liabilities.

Intra-group cash pooling allows the surplus liquidity of individual group companies to be used for providing internal financing for to other group companies. This reduces the group’s debt financing volume and thus its interest expenses. In addition, METRO AG draws on the financial expertise pooled in the treasury of METRO AG to advise the group companies in all relevant financial matters and provide support. This ranges from the elaboration of investment financing concepts to supporting the responsible financial officers of the individual group companies in their discussions with local banks and financial service providers. This ensures, on the one hand, that the financial resources of METRO are optimally employed, and, on the other, that all group companies benefit from the strength and credit standing of METRO in negotiating their financing terms.

Credit risks

Credit risks arise from the total or partial default by a counterparty, for example, through bankruptcy or in connection with monetary investments and derivative financial instruments with positive market values. METRO’s maximum default exposure as of the closing date is reflected by the carrying amount of financial assets totalling €3,102 million (30/9/2016: €3,135 million).

  • For more information about the amount of the respective carrying amounts, see no. 40 – carrying amounts and fair values according to measurement categories.

Cash on hand considered in cash and cash equivalents totalling €55 million (30/9/2016: €65 million) is not exposed to any default risk.

In the course of the risk management of monetary investments totalling €1,407 million (30/9/2016: €1,550 million) and derivative financial instruments totalling €6 million (30/9/2016: €9 million), minimum creditworthiness requirements and individual maximum exposure limits for the engagement have been defined for all business partners of METRO. Cheques and money in circulation are not considered in the determination of creditworthiness risks. This is based on a system of limits laid down in the treasury guidelines, which are based mainly on the of international rating agencies, developments of credit default swaps or internal credit assessments. An individual limit is allocated to every counterparty of METRO; is constantly monitored by the treasury systems.

The following table shows a breakdown of counterparties by rating class:

Rating classes

 

Volume in %

 

 

 

 

 

 

Financial investments

 

 

Grade

 

Standard & Poor’s

 

Moody’s

 

Germany

Western Europe excl. Germany

Eastern Europe

Asia and others

Deri­vatives with positive market values

Total

Investment grade

 

AAA

 

Aaa

 

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

 

 

AA+ to AA–

 

Aa1 to Aa3

 

0.2

0.1

3.1

1.3

0.0

 

 

A+ to A–

 

A1 to A3

 

1.1

14.1

13.1

24.3

0.2

 

 

BBB+ to BBB-

 

Baa1 to Baa3

 

25.3

3.9

6.4

3.5

0.1

96.7

Non-investment grade

 

BB+ to BB-

 

Ba1 to Ba3

 

0.1

0.0

2.6

0.1

0.0

 

 

B+ to B-

 

B1 to B3

 

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.0

 

 

CCC to C

 

Caa to C

 

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

2.9

No rating

 

 

 

 

 

0.0

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.4

 

 

 

 

 

 

26.7

18.3

25.3

29.4

0.3

100.0

The table shows that, as of the closing date, about 97% of the capital investment volume, including the positive market value of derivatives, had been placed with investment-grade counterparties, in other words, those with good or very good credit . Most of the counterparties that do not yet have an internationally accepted rating are respected financial institutions whose creditworthiness can be considered flawless based on analyses. METRO also operates in countries where local financial institutions do not have investment-grade ratings due to the rating of their country. For country-specific reasons as well as cost and efficiency considerations, cooperation with these institutions is unavoidable. These institutions account for about 0.4% of the total volume.

METRO’s level of exposure to creditworthiness risks is thus very low.

Cash flow risks

A future change in interest rates may cause cash flow from variable interest rate asset and liability items to fluctuate. Stress tests are used to determine the potential impact interest rate changes may have on cash flow and how they can be capped through hedging transactions in accordance with the group’s internal treasury guidelines.

IFRS (International Financial Reporting Standards)
International rules governing accounting principles. In contrast to the financial statements according to the German Commercial Code, the focus of IFRS is on investor-oriented information.
Glossary
Fair value
This refers to the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability as part of a normal transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
Glossary
Fair value
This refers to the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability as part of a normal transaction between market participants at the measurement date.
Glossary
Previous year
Period of 12 months, usually cited as reference for statements in the annual report.
Glossary
Rating
In the financial sector, ratings represent the systematic, qualitative assessment of creditworthiness. Ratings are expressed in various grades of creditworthiness. Well-known agencies that issue ratings are Standard & Poor's, Moody’s and Fitch.
Glossary
Compliance
All measures specifying a company’s and its employees’ behaviour in accordance with legislation, established social guidelines and values.
Glossary
Rating
In the financial sector, ratings represent the systematic, qualitative assessment of creditworthiness. Ratings are expressed in various grades of creditworthiness. Well-known agencies that issue ratings are Standard & Poor's, Moody’s and Fitch.
Glossary