10. Net results according to measurement categories

The key effects of income from financial instruments are as follows:

2016/17 € million	Investments	Interest	Fair value measurements	Currency translation	Disposals	Impairments	Other	Net result
Loans and receivables incl. cash and cash equivalents	0	29	0	−35	0	−26	−1	−33
Held to maturity	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Held for trading incl. derivatives in a hedging relationship according to IAS 39	0	0	−5	0	0	0	−3	−8
Available for sale	1	0	0	0	0	0	0	1
Other financial liabilities	0	−91	0	0	5	0	−5	−91
	1	−62	−5	−34	5	−26	−10	−132

(XLS:) XLS

2017/18 € million	Investments	Interest	Fair value measurements	Currency translation	Disposals	Impairments	Other	Net result
Loans and receivables incl. cash and cash equivalents	0	24	0	−27	0	−18	0	−22
Held to maturity	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Held for trading incl. derivatives in a hedging relationship according to IAS 39	0	0	13	0	0	0	0	13
Available for sale	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0
Other financial liabilities	0	−79	10	0	4	0	−5	−70
	0	−55	23	−27	4	−18	−5	−79

Income and expenses from financial instruments are assigned to measurement categories according to IAS 39 on the basis of the underlying transactions.

Investment income and income effects from the disposal of investments are included in other investment income. Interest income and expenses are part of the interest result. Fair value measurements and effects from other financial expenses and currency translation are included in the other financial result. Income effects from the disposals of other financial liabilities are included in earnings before interest and taxes (EBIT). Income effects from the disposal of assets classified as available for sale are included in the other financial result to the extent that these do not concern investments. Expenses from impairments are essentially included in earnings before interest and taxes.

For more information about impairments, see no. 28 – impairments of capitalised financial instruments.

Remaining financial income and expenses included in the other financial result primarily concern bank commissions and similar expenses that are incurred within the context of financial assets and liabilities.

Fair value

Recognised fair value. Amount that would have been received in return for the disposal of an asset or paid for the assignment of a debt in an ordinary transaction conducted between market participants on the assessment date.

Glossary