Balance sheet

Goodwill

Goodwill is regularly tested for impairment once a year – or more frequently if changes in circumstances indicate a possible impairment. If an impairment exists, an impairment loss is recognised through profit or loss. To determine a possible impairment, the recoverable amount of a cash-generating unit is compared to the corresponding carrying amount of the cash-generating unit. The recoverable amount is the higher of the value in use and the fair value less costs to sell. An impairment of the goodwill allocated to a cash-generating unit applies only if the recoverable amount is lower than the total amount of the unit relevant carrying amount. No reversal of an impairment loss is performed if the reasons for the impairment in previous years have ceased to exist.

Other intangible assets

Purchased other intangible assets are recognised at cost of purchase. In accordance with IAS 38 (Intangible Assets), internally generated intangible assets are capitalised at their production cost. Research costs, in contrast, are not capitalised, but recognised as expenses when they are incurred. The production costs include all expenditures directly attributable to the development process, unless they are explicitly prohibited from being a component of the cost of an inernlly generated intangible asset.

Borrowing costs are factored into the determination of production costs only in case the intangible asset is a so-called qualified asset pursuant to IAS 23 (Borrowing Costs). Qualified assets are defined as non-financial assets that take a substantial period of time to be prepared for their intended use or sale.

All other intangible assets with a finite useful life are subject to straight-line amortisation. Capitalised internally created and purchased software as well as comparable intangible assets are amortised over a period of up to 10 years, while licences are amortised over their useful lives.

Intangible assets with an infinite expected useful life are not subject to scheduled amortisation, but are subjected to an impairment test at least once a year. Impairment losses and reversed impairment losses are recognised through profit or loss in consideration of the historical cost principle.

Property, plant and equipment

Property, plant and equipment are recognised at acquisition or production costs pursuant to IAS 16 (Property, Plant and Equipment). The production cost of internally generated assets includes both direct costs and directly attributable overhead. Borrowing costs are only capitalised in relation to so-called qualified assets as a component of acquisition or production costs. In line with IAS 20 (Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance), investment grants received are offset against the acquisition or production costs of the corresponding asset. Dismantling and removing obligations are included in the acquisition or production costs at the discounted settlement amount. Subsequent acquisition or production costs of property, plant and equipment are only capitalised if they result in a higher future economic benefit of the tangible asset.

Property, plant and equipment are solely depreciated on a straight-line basis. Throughout the group, depreciation is based on the following expected useful lives:

Capitalised costs of dismantling and removing are depreciated over the expected useful life of the asset.

Pursuant to IAS 36 (Impairment of Assets), an impairment test will be carried out if there are any indications of impairment of property, plant and equipment or of a cash-generating unit (CGU). Impairment losses are recognised if the recoverable amount is below the carrying amount. If the reasons for the impairment have ceased to exist, impairment losses are reversed up to the amount of amortised acquisition or production costs hadno impairment loss been recognised in previous periods.

In accordance with IAS 17 (Leases), economic ownership of leased assets is attributable to the lessee if all the material risks and rewards incidental to ownership of the asset are transferred to the lessee (finance lease). If economic ownership is attributable to a group company acting as lessee, the leased asset is capitalised at fair value or at the lower present value of the minimum lease payments when the lease is signed. Analogous to the comparable purchased property, plant and equipment, leased assets are subject to scheduled depreciation over their expected useful lives or the lease term if the latter is shorter. However, if it is sufficiently certain that ownership of the leased asset will be transferred to the lessee (METRO) at the end of the lease term, the asset is depreciated over its expected useful life. Payment obligations resulting from future lease payments are carried as liabilities.

When economic ownership of the leased asset is not transferred to the lessee (METRO) it si accounted for as an operationg lease. METRO does not recognise assets or leasing liabilities for operating leases, but merely recognises rental expenses in its income statement over the term of the lease using the straight-line method.

Investment properties

In accordance with IAS 40 (Investment Property), investment properties comprise real estate assets that are held to earn rentals or for capital appreciation, or both. Analogous to property, plant and equipment, such assets are recognised at acquisition or production costs less depreciation and –if required – impairment losses (cost model). Investment properties are depreciated using the straight-line method, considering an expected useful life of 15 to 33 years. In addition, the fair value of these real estates is determined accepted valuation methods, taking into account project development opportunitie. The fair values are disclosed in the notes.

Financial assets

Unless associated companies or joint ventures as defined by IAS 28 (Investments in Associates and Joint Ventures) are involved, to which the equity method is applied financial assets are accounted for in accordance with the provisions of IFRS 9 (Financial Instruments) since 1 October 2018.

Financial assets are recognised in the consolidated balance sheet when METRO becomes a contractual party to a financial instrument. Recognition is effected at the trade date. Financial assets are derecognised if the contractual rights to payments from the financial assets no longer exist or the financial assets with all material risks and rewards are transferred to another party and METRO cannot control the financial assets after the transfer. When the uncollectability of receivables is finally determined, they are derecognised.

Financial assets are measured at fair value upon initial recognition. The transaction costs directly attributable to the acquisition must be taken into account, unless the financial instruments are subsequently measured at fair value through profit or loss.

The subsequent measurement of financial assets is based on the allocation of the respective financial asset to one of the categories described below. The classification is determined by whether the so-called cash flow condition is met as well as by the business model used to manage the respective financial asset (or a portfolio of financial assets). The cash flow condition is metif the contractual terms of the financial asset give rise on specified dates to cash flows that are solely payments of principal and interest on the principal amount outstanding. With regard to potential business models, a distinction must be made between the objectives of meeting the cash flow condition of the financial assets

• to either hold the receipt of these contractual cash flows (hold)
• or to partially hold them and partially sell them (hold and sell).

Using these classification criteria, the individual financial asset is assigned to one of the following classes at initial recognition:

• Measured at amortised cost (AC), provided the hold criterion is met
• Measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI), if the ‘hold and sell’ criterion is met
• Measured at fair value through profit or loss (FVPL) in all other cases

Derivative financial instruments that are not designated as part of a hedge accounting relationship for accounting purposes are measured at fair value.

METRO does not make use of the option to measure financial assets at fair value through profit or loss upon initial recognition (fair value option).

With regard to the financial assets recognised at amortised cost (AC), impairments are recognised as expected losses, regardless of the existence of actual default events. However, if there is objective evidence that contractually agreed cash flows of a financial asset are likely to partially or completely default, they are recorded as specific bad debt allowances. If these indications cease to exist, impairment losses are reversed up to the amount of the carrying amount that would have resulted if no default event had occurred. METRO determines the expected losses on trade receivables using the so-called simplified approach by using a provision matrix structured according to various (past-due) maturities. Expected losses for other financial assets are determined in accordance with the so-called general approach. Impairment losses are generally recognised in separate accounts.

Changes in the fair value of financial assets measured at fair value through other comprehensive income (FVOCI) are recognised in other comprehensive income and reclassified to the income statement when the assets are sold. Impairment losses on financial assets in the FVOCI category are determined in the same way as impairment losses on financial assets in the AC category and recognised in profit or loss.

In the previous year, financial assets were accounted for in accordance with IAS 39 (Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement) and allocated to one of the following categories:

• ‘Loans and receivables’
• ‘Financial instruments held to maturity’
• ‘Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss’
• ‘Financial assets available for sale’

Depending on the classification to the categories listed above, the subsequent measurement of financial assets was carried out at amortised cost or at fair value:

• ‘Loans and receivables’ comprised non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments that were not quoted in an active market. They were recognised at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
• The measurement category ‘financial instruments held to maturity’ included non-derivative financial assets with fixed or determinable payments and fixed maturity, with METRO having both the positive intention and the ability to hold them to maturity. They were also recognised at amortised cost using the effective interest method.
• ‘Financial assets at fair value through profit or loss’ included those that were either acquired or incurred with the intention of selling or repurchasing them in the near term or that were part of a portfolio of jointly managed financial instruments with a history of short-term profit-taking. Furthermore, this category included derivative financial instruments that were not designated to be part of hedge accounting.
• The category ‘financial assets available for sale’ represented a collective category for original financial assets that could not be assigned to any of the other 3 categories. METRO did not actively designate any financial assets to this category. Financial assets assigned to this category were measured at fair value through other comprehensive income. The cumulative changes in fair value were not reclassified to profit or loss until the financial asset was derecognised or an impairment of the assets had occurred.

At each closing date, financial assets that were not measured at fair value through profit or loss were examined for objective, substantial indications of impairment. If there were any such indications, the respective financial asset was tested for impairment by comparing the carrying amount to the present value. The present value of financial assets measured at amortised cost corresponded to the present value of expected future cash flows, discounted at the original effective interest rate. However, the present value of equity instruments measured at cost in the category ‘financial assets available for sale’ corresponded to expected future cash flows discounted at the current market interest rate. If the present value was lower than the carrying amount, an impairment loss was recognised for the difference. If decreases in fair value of financial assets in the category ‘financial assets available for sale’ were recognised in other comprehensive income, such decreases in fair value were reclassified and recognised in profit or loss to the extent of the impairment loss determined. If, at a later date, the present value increased again, the impairment loss was reversed accordingly. In the case of financial assets recognised at amortised cost, the impairment loss reversal was limited to the amount of the amortised cost, which would have been recognised had the impairment not occured. In the category ‘financial assets available for sale’, the reversal of previously recognised impairment losses for equity instruments was shown outside of profit or loss in other comprehensive income, while for debt instruments it was shown in profit or loss up to the amount of the impairment previously recognised through profit or loss. Increases in value for debt instruments beyond this level were recognised outside of profit or loss in other comprehensive income.

In accordance with the provisions of IFRS 9, equity instruments held are either measured at fair value through profit or loss (FVPL) or at fair value through other comprehensive income without reclassification (FVOCInR).

Cash flow hedges: as part of cash flow hedging, which continues to be accounted for in accordance with IAS 39, METRO hedges to exposure to variability in future cash flows. For this purpose, future underlying transactions and related hedging instruments are designated as hedging relationships for accounting purposes. The effective portion of changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument that regularly meets the definition criteria of a derivative is initially recognised directly in equity under consideration of deferred taxes. The ineffective portion is recognised directly in profit or loss. For future transactions that result in the recognition of a non-financial asset or a non-financial liability, the cumulative changes in the fair value of the hedging instrument, which are recognised in other comprehensive income, are removed and and included in the initial cost of the other carrying amount of the asset of liability. If the hedging transaction relates to financial assets, financial liabilities or future transactions, the changes in fair value of the hedging instrument are transferred from other comprehensive income to profit or loss in the reporting periods in which the hedged item is recognised in the income statement. The term of the hedging instrument is aligned to coincide with the occurrence of the future transaction.

Other financial and other non-financial assets

The assets reported under other financial assets are generally measured at amortised cost, and impairments are determined for the reporting year under review in accordance with the general approach to determine expected credit losses.

Other financial assets also include derivative financial instruments that are measured at fair value through profit or loss.

As prepaid expenses transitorily deferred charges are presented.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are determined using the asset-liability method in accordance with IAS 12 (Income Taxes). Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognised for temporary differences between the carrying amounts of these assets or liabilities in the consolidated financial statements and their tax base. Deferred tax assets are also considered for unused tax loss and interest carry-forwards.

Deferred tax assets are recognised only to the extent that it is probable that sufficient taxable profit will be available in the future to allow the corresponding benefit of that deferred tax asset to be realised.

Deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities are netted if these income tax assets and liabilities concern the same tax authority and refer to the same tax subject or a group of different tax subjects that are jointly assessed for income tax purposes. Deferred tax assets are remeasured at each closing date and adjusted if necessary.

Deferred taxes are determined on the basis of the tax rates expected in each country upon realisation. In principle, these are based on the valid laws or legislation that has been passed at the time of the closing date.

The assessment of deferred taxes reflects the tax consequence arising from METRO’s expectations as of the closing date with regard to the manner in which the carrying amounts of the assets will be realised or the liabilities will be settled.

Inventories

In accordance with IAS 2 (Inventories), merchandise carried as inventories is reported at cost of purchase. The cost of purchase is determined either on the basis of a separate measurement of additions or by means of the weighted average cost method. Supplier compensations to be classified as a reduction in the cost of purchase is deducted when the costs of acquisition are determined.

Merchandise is measured as of the closing date at the lower of cost or net realisable value. Merchandise is written down on a case-by-case basis if the net realisable value declines below the carrying amount of the inventories. Such net realisable value corresponds to the anticipated estimated selling price less the estimated direct costs necessary to make the sale.

When the reasons for a write-down of the merchandise have ceased to exist, the previously recognised impairment loss is reversed.

Trade receivables

Trade receivables are recognised at amortised cost. For the reporting period, expected impairments determined on the basis of a provision matrix are taken into account. If there are further doubts about their recoverability, the trade receivables are recognised at the lower present value of the estimated future cash flows. In the previous year, trade receivables were recognised taking into account appropriate impairments for uncollectible receivables.

Income tax assets and liabilities

The income tax assets and liabilities presented concern domestic and foreign income taxes for the reporting period as well as prior periods. They are determined in compliance with the tax laws of the respective country.

In addition, the effects of tax risks are considered in the determining income tax liabilities. The premises and assessments underlying these risks are regularly reviewed and considered in the determination of income tax.

Cash and cash equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents comprise cheques, cash on hand, bank deposits and other short-term liquid financial assets, such as accessible deposits on lawyer trust accounts or cash in transit, with an original term of up to 3 months and are valued at their respective nominal values.

Non-current assets held for sale, liabilities related to assets held for sale and activities not continued

In accordance with IFRS 5 (Non-current Assets Held for Sale and Discontinued Operations), an asset is classified as a non-current asset held for sale if the respective carrying amount will be recovered principally through a disposal transaction rather than through continuing use. Analogously, liabilities related to assets held for sale are recognised separately in the balance sheet. A sale must be feasible in practice and be planned for execution within the subsequent 12 months. The valuation of the affected assets and liabilities’ carrying amounts pursuant to the relevant IFRS directly precedes the first-time classification as held for sale. In case of reclassification, the assets and liabilities of the disposal group are measured at the lower of their carrying amount and the fair value less costs to sell and reported separately in the balance sheet.Discontinued operations are components of a company that have been disposed of or are classified as held for disposal and represent a separate major operation or a separate geographical operation..

Employee benefits

Employee benefits include:

• Short-term employee benefits
• Post-employment benefits
• Obligations similar to pensions
• Termination benefits
• Share-based payment

Short-term employee benefits include wages and salaries, social security contributions, vacation pay and sickness benefits and are recognised as liabilities at the disbursement amount as soon as the associated job performance has been rendered.

Post-employment benefits are provided in the context of defined benefit or defined contribution plans. In the case of defined contribution plans, periodic contribution obligations to the external pension provider are recognised as expenses for post-employment benefits at the same time as the beneficiary’s job performance. Missed payments or prepayments to the pension provider are accrued as liabilities or receivables. Liabilities with a term of over 12 months are discounted.

The actuarial measurement of pension provisions for post-employment benefits plans as part of a defined benefit plan is effected in accordance with the projected unit credit method as stipulated by IAS 19 (Employee Benefits) on the basis of actuarial opinions. Based on biometric data, this method takes into account known pensions and pension entitlements at the closing date as well as expected increases in future wages and pensions. Where the employee benefit obligations determined or the fair value of the plan assets increase or decrease between the beginning and end of a financial year as a result of experience adjustments (for example, a changed fluctuation rate) or changes in underlying actuarial assumptions, this will result in actuarial gains and losses. These are recognised in other comprehensive income outside of profit or loss. Effects of plan changes and curtailments are recognised fully under service costs through profit or loss. The interest element of the addition to the provision contained in the pension expense is presented as interest expenses under the financial result. Insofar as plan assets exist, the amount of the pension obligation is generally the result of the difference between the present value of defined benefit obligations and the fair value of the plan assets.

Provisions for obligations similar to pensions (such as anniversary allowances and death benefits) are based on the present value of future payment obligations to the employee or his or her surviving dependants less any associated assets measured at fair value. The amount of provisions is determined on the basis of actuarial opinions in line with IAS 19. Actuarial gains and losses are recognised in the period in which they are incurred.

Termination benefits comprise severance payments to employees. These are recognised as liabilities through profit or loss when contractual or factual payment obligations towards the employee are to be made in relation to the termination of the employment relationship. Such an obligation is given when a formal plan for the early termination of the employment relationship exists to which the company is bound. Benefits with terms of more than 12 months after the closing date are recognised at their present value.

The share bonuses granted under the share-based remuneration system are classified as cash-settled share-based payments pursuant to IFRS 2 (Share-based Payment). For these share-based payments provisions are set up on a pro rata basis, measured at the fair value of the obligations entered into. The recognition of the provision follows a prorated approachover the underlying vesting period and is recognised in profit or loss as personnel expenses. The fair value is remeasured at each closing date during the vesting period based on an option pricing model. Provisions are adjusted accordingly in profit or loss.

(Other) provisions

In accordance with IAS 37 (Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets), (other) provisions are recognisedif legal or constructive obligations to third parties exist that are based on past business transactions or events and will probably result in an outflow of financial resources that can be reliably measured. The provisions are stated at the anticipated settlement amount with regard to all identifiable risks attached.

Long-term provisions with a term of more than one year are discounted to the closing date using an interest rate for matching maturities reflectings current market expectations regarding interest rate effects. Provisions with a term of less than one year are discounted accordingly if the interest rate effect is material. Claims for recourse are not netted with provisions, but recognised separately as an asset if their realisation is considered virtually certain.

Provisions for onerous contracts are recognised if the unavoidable costs of meeting the obligations under a contract exceed the expected economic benefits resulting from the contract. Provisions for deficient rental agreements relating to leased objects are based on an item by item basis. Provisions in the amount of the present value of the funding gap recognised for all closed properties or properties with deficient rental coverage. In addition, a provision is recognisedfor store-related risks related to leased, operational or not yet closed stores insofar as a deficient coverage of operational costs or a deficient rental coverage despite considering a possible sublease of the respective location arises from current corporate planning covering the basic rental term.

Provisions for restructurings are recognised if a constructive obligation to restructure has been formalised by means of the adoption of a detailed restructuring plan and its communication vis-à-vis those employees affected as of the closing date.

Warranty provisions, that do not fall into the scope of IFRS 15 (Revenue from Contracts with Customers), are based on past warranty claims and considering the sales of the current financial year.

(Other) financial liabilities

Financial liabilities in the current financial year (in accordance with IFRS 9) or in the previous financial year (in accordance with IAS 39) that do not represent finance leases in accordance with IAS 17, are assigned to one of the following categories:

• At fair value through profit or loss
• Other financial liabilities

The initial recognition of financial liabilities and the subsequent measurement of financial liabilities at fair value through profit or loss is applied in analogy to the corresponding guidance as it is applied to financial assets.

All other financial liabilities are classified as miscellaneous financial liabilities. They are measured at their amortised cost using the effective interest method.

The fair value option according to IFRS 9 is not applied to financial liabilities at METRO.

The fair values provided for the financial liabilities in the notes have been determined on the basis of the interest rates prevailing on the closing date for the remaining terms and redemption structures.

Financial liabilities from finance leases are generally measured at the present value of future minimum lease payments.

A financial liability is derecognised only when it has expired or when the contractual obligations have been redeemed or annulled or have expired.

Other non-financial liabilities

Other non-financial liabilities are carried at their repayment amount.As deferred income transitorily deferred charges are presented.

Trade liabilities

Trade liabilities are recognised at amortised cost.